中考物理基础知识:物态变化和光现象
Basic Knowledge of Physics for the Senior High School Entrance Examination: Change of States of Matter and Optical Phenomena
李宏 湖北省十堰市郧阳中学
Li Hong Yunyang High School， Shiyan City， Hubei Province
第三章 物态变化-[中考物理基础知识]
Chapter 3 Change of State of Matter - [Basic Knowledge of Physics for High School Entrance Examination]
16．液体温度计是根据液体热胀冷缩的规律制成的。
A liquid thermometer is made according to the principle of thermal expansion and contraction of liquids.
17．使用温度计前应先观察它的量程和分度值。
Before using a thermometer， you should first check its measuring range and scale division value.
18．温度计的使用方法：
Methods for using a thermometer:
（1）温度计的玻璃泡要全部浸入被测液体中，不要碰到容器底或容器壁。
Immerse the glass bulb of the thermometer completely in the measured liquid， and do not let it touch the bottom or wall of the container.
（2）要等温度计的示数稳定后再读数；
Wait until the reading of the thermometer stabilizes before taking the reading;
（3）读数时温度计的玻璃泡要继续留在液体中，视线要与液柱的上表面相平。
Keep the glass bulb of the thermometer in the liquid while reading， and your line of sight should be level with the upper surface of the liquid column.
19．物态变化：
Change of state of matter:
（1）熔化：固→液，吸热（冰雪融化）
Melting: solid → liquid， absorb heat (melting of ice and snow)
（2）凝固：液→固，放热（水结冰）
Solidification: liquid → solid， release heat (freezing of water)
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（3）汽化：液→气，吸热（湿衣服变干）
Vaporization: liquid → gas， absorb heat (drying of wet clothes)
（4）液化：气→液，放热（液化气）
Liquefaction: gas → liquid， release heat (liquefied gas)
（5）升华：固→气，星空app注册吸热（樟脑丸变小）
Sublimation: solid → gas，米兰app官方网站 absorb heat (shrinking of camphor balls)
（6）凝华：气→固，放热（霜的形成）
Deposition: gas → solid， release heat (formation of frost)
20．晶体、非晶体的熔化图像：
Melting curves of crystals and amorphous solids:
21．液体沸腾的条件：（1）达到沸点 （2）继续吸热
Conditions for the boiling of a liquid: (1) Reach the boiling point (2) Continue to absorb heat
22．自然界水循环现象中的物态变化：
Changes of state of matter in the natural water cycle:
（1）雾、露――――液化
Fog， dew — Liquefaction
（2）雪、霜---凝华
Snow， frost--- Deposition
23．使气体液化的途径：（1）降低温度 （2）压缩体积
Ways to liquefy a gas: (1) Lower the temperature (2) Compress the volume
第四章光现象-[中考物理基础知识]
Chapter 4: Light Phenomena - [Basic Physics Knowledge for High School Entrance Examination]
24．光在同种均匀介质中是沿直线传播的；
光的传播不需要介质，真空中的光速C=3×108m/s。
Light travels in a straight line in a uniform medium of the same kind;
Light does not require a medium to propagate. The speed of light in a vacuum is C = 3 × 10^8 m/s.
25．光的直线传播的现象：影子、日食、月食。
光的直线传播的应用：激光引导掘进方向、射击瞄准、小孔成像。
Phenomena of rectilinear propagation of light: shadows， solar eclipses， lunar eclipses.
Applications of rectilinear propagation of light: laser-guided tunneling direction， shooting aiming， pinhole imaging.
26．光的反射定律：
Law of reflection of light:
（1）反射光线、入射光线、法线在同一平面内；
The reflected ray， incident ray， and normal are all in the same plane;
（2）反射光线、入射光线分居法线两侧；
The reflected ray and incident ray are on opposite sides of the normal;
（3）反射角等于入射角；
The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence;
（4）在反射现象中，光路是可逆的。
In reflection， the optical path is reversible.
27．光的反射分镜面反射和漫反射两类
Reflection of light is divided into two types: specular reflection and diffuse reflection.
28．平面镜成像特点：像与物体大小相同；像与物体到平面镜的距离相等；平面镜所成像的是虚像。
Characteristics of plane mirror imaging: the image is the same size as the object; the distances from the image and the object to the plane mirror are equal; the image formed by a plane mirror is virtual.
29．光的折射规律：光从空气斜射入水或其它介质中时，折射光线向法线方向偏折；在光的折射现象中，光路是可逆的。（另：光从一种介质垂直射入另一种介质中时，传播方向不变。）
Law of refraction of light: When light enters obliquely from air into water or other media， the refracted ray bends toward the normal. In refraction， the optical path is reversible. (Additionally: When light enters perpendicularly from one medium into another， its direction of propagation remains unchanged.)
30．光的色散：白光是由红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫七种色光组成的。
Dispersion of light: White light is composed of seven colors: red， orange， yellow， green， blue， indigo， and violet.
31．色光的三原色：红、绿、蓝
The three primary colors of light: red， green， blue.
{jz:field.toptypename/}32．透明物体的颜色是由它透过的色光决定的；
不透明物体的颜色是由它反射的色光决定的。
The color of a transparent object is determined by the color of light it transmits;
The color of an opaque object is determined by the color of light it reflects.
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33．看不见的光：
（1）红外线：主要作用是热作用――红外线烤箱、电视遥控
（2）紫外线：主要作用是化学作用――验钞、杀菌
Invisible light:
Infrared rays: Mainly produce thermal effects—infrared ovens， TV remote controls.
Ultraviolet rays: Mainly produce chemical effects—detecting counterfeit money， sterilization.
Explorer of Innovative Thinking
Author: Li Hong
Yunyang High School， Shiyan City， Hubei Province
February 3， 2026
发布于：湖北省
备案号: